Importance of Good Ventilation
Ventilation: The modern concept of ventilation implies not only the replacement of vitiated air by a supply of fresh outdoor air, but also control of the quality of incoming air with regard to its temperature, humidity and purity with a view to provide a thermal environment that is comfortable and free from risk of infection.
Requirement of air: Usually, the standards of ventilation have been based on the efficiency of ventilation in removing body odor.
1. Cubic space – Standards for the minimal fresh air that is advocated by different workers range from 300 to 3,000 cubic ft. per hour per person.
Green Revolution
Green Revolution
At the end of the last century, the world intensively started to pay attention to the environment, and at the same time the need for a healthier diet developed. There was a fundamental change in public consciousness that nature is not something that is God-given, but the only home that must be fostered and preserved. World governments reacted by introducing legal regulations which in turn stimulated the development of businesses related to this industry. “Environmental marketing”, “Organic marketing” or “Green marketing” are some of the terms used in marketing of products that are beneficial to the environment.
The difficulties about definition
Nineties of the last century were called “environmental decade” because the environmental and social care significantly affected the purchasing decisions of consumers. The concern for the environment in which we live and the needs of customers for green products have led to the development of green marketing. Definition of this type of marketing creates a challenge in itself, because its definition in commercial, social and environmental terms have somewhat contradictory meanings. Marketing of products that are presumed to be safe for man’s environment is a commercial definition, developing and marketing of products that have minimal negative impacts to the environment or to improving of its quality is a sociological definition, and ecological definition applies to organizations that promote, produce and pack products that are appropriate and acceptable for the environment.
Identification of consumer
Green marketing covers a wide range of activities that includes the modification of products, processes, packaging and advertising. First, it is important to locate and identify the consumer, then assess how this group of consumers is informed, and what additional training is needed to expand and strengthen it. If we observe the demographics of buyers of environmentally friendly products, women are more interested in the environment than men, often buy organic products and women are more engaged in sorting waste for recycling.
However, both sexes are equally represented in the activities of preserving the environment in which we live. Also, people with higher incomes and higher levels of education, and therefore greater access to information, often pay more attention to organic products and the environment. Psychological indicators of consumers tell us that people with conservative values do not want to complicate their life with the changes or do not want to be part of something that does not comply with basic standards. Therefore, they are not open to changes in standards and purchase green products. On the other hand, people who buy organic products attach more importance to internal values such as happiness and personal fulfillment, while people who are not fond of buying such products respect more external values such as sense of belonging, security and respect. Observing the behavior of customers who use green products to a large extent has shown that the opinion of other people, states and environmental groups have huge impact of them. They also have a strong identity and high degree of concern for the environment.
Soil Pollution and Erosion
The soil is the brown layer that wraps our planet. This is the more or less crumbly mass which manages the plant roots. Formed soil can be several feet thick or thin just a few inches. However, only the top layer of 10-30 cm is made ??up of fertile topsoil. If our Earth would one day run out of the topsoil, then our little world would again become a dead star.
Our planet has a diameter of about 12,600 km, however, just about 3.2 billion hectares would be theoretically usable for agricultural purposes. Currently, half of that feeds the whole mankind, but the second half could be cultivated only with extremely high costs. Theoretically, several decades ago, every inhabitant of the earth could use about 1 hectare of land. In 2000. it was only half a hectare.
The Bad Effects of Overcrowding
We have all experienced at least once the bad effects of overcrowding in a cinema, bar or in a theater. This happens due to physical factors as there is no evaporation of heat from the surface of skin. The prevention of heat loss by radiation causes heat stagnation and people suffer from drowsiness, headache, lassitude, nausea, vomiting which may lead to unconsciousness or death. In the past, it was believed that these symptoms were caused entirely by the changes in the air by respiration. However, it is proved that the increase of carbon dioxide and organic poisons from the expired air as well as the decrease of oxygen are not sufficient by themselves or even in combination to produce these symptoms unless other conditions, such as the stagnation of air, increased humidity and rise of temperature which are present in the overcrowded room.
Natural sources of ventilation are not possible, where a large number of people are congregated for a considerable long period and where climatic conditions do not permit free use of open doors and windows. Therefore, artificial ventilation is largely resorted to in these places and the mechanical means are used to facilitate the renewal of air.
The use of mechanical ventilation system has many advantages:
1. The incoming air can be delivered at any level and at any rate.
2. It can be warmed in cold weather by passing through heated pipes.
Dumping & Composting
It is a well known true that each action has its reaction. If we think about people and their impact on the environment, we can be at the same time amazed and horrified. Littering can be seen in every corner of the world. There are everywhere illegal dumping grounds… What can we do and how can the spreading of waste be slowed down? What are some methods of dumping?
The word refuse means waste matter. It may be dry refuse or liquid waste (water unmixed with human excreta). Sewage is a combination of liquid waste water and the human excreta in the sewer.
Sanitation: The word Sanitation comes from a French word “Sanita” which means cleanliness. It may be personal which is called- personal hygiene; cleanliness of the surrounding is called environmental sanitation.
The essentials of sanitation are the following:
(I) Safe water supply.
(2) Sanitary disposal of all types of refuse.
(3) Food and milk sanitation, including kitchen sanitation.
(4) Healthful housing principles.
(5) School Sanitation.
(6) Factory sanitation.
(7) Sanitation of fairs, camps and public transport.
(8) Sanitation of hostels and restaurants.
Energy Efficient Houses
Have you ever asked yourself what will happen if the mankind spends all the sources of energy? Can we, ordinary people, do something to reduce the consumption of these precious resources? Certainly, we do. We can change our habits in order to save our money, to save the Planet and to slow down climate changes. Some recommended habits that the population should practice are to use public transport, to buy smaller and energy-efficient cars, to turn off household appliances that are not used in a given time or to purchase energy efficient appliances (marked with A). Due to the fact that buildings consume a lot of energy, there are projects that encourage people to build energy-efficient houses.
To put it simply, energy efficient house is a house that operate with less energy than a normal house. Decreasing of energy consumption and achieving the best possible utilization of available energy is not an old concept. People have always been concerned about the getting warm houses in winter and cold houses during summer. This idea was first studied and recorded nearly 2,500 years ago. A Greek philosopher, Socrates planned and described the first energy-efficient house. The basis of his researching was the impact of movements of the sun to the position and shape of home construction. The ground plan of this kind of house was a trapezoid with a south-facing base and a roof that fell to the north to reduce the impact of the strikes of northerly winds.
Plastic Recycling
Once upon a time, there were not plastic bags, plastic bottles, packages, dangerous waste.. It would be the beginning of a tale, maybe not of a fairy-tale, rather of a realistic story. Yes, the harsh reality is that there is no longer any uncontaminated area on the whole World. Our life-style conducts all these changes that have occurred since the invention of plastic. We use artificial and unnatural substances as a basic material for almost all goods that are manufactured for packaging, home construction, transportation, toys, appliances, containers, clothing, home and industrial furnishing and so on. Moreover, we can hardly find any food or drink at supermarkets that are not wrapped into plastic foil and boxes. This is the mirror of our contemporary habits and the majority of people could not easily live without it. It seems impossible even to imagine life without all those household items and accessories that we use.
Recently, scientist and environmentalists have started to warn about the side effects of the artificial materials. Plastic products do not decompose after their use and they could last in the environment for up to a thousand years. The problem of waste plastic is taking a large volume of space in landfills. To lower the amount of plastic waste, we should reduce the amount of packaging used on products, we can re-use packaging more than once and we can recycle the used materials. The recycling of plastic waste contributes to reduce electricity consumption and thereby reduce emissions, so we should learn something about plastic recycling.
The World Needs Renewable Energy
The world needs more and more energy. The constant increase in population brings with it the constantly growing needs for energy and the mankind is in the ongoing search for energy sources that would be appropriate to cover energy needs. There are times when the demand for energy is temporarily reduced for some reasons such as the global financial crisis and global recession. However, such events are transient, and after them the need for energy again rises. In the long run, demand for energy is increasing all the time.
Currently, the world covers its energy needs mainly from non-renewable sources of energy, mostly fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas. As the name suggests, these energy sources are not renewable, they can not last forever and will disappear within a certain period of time. In addition, fossil fuels are very harmful to the environment due to releasing of large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) or oil spilling at sea. Now, perhaps the most pronounced negative effect of fossil fuel is global warming – probably the greatest challenge that the human race has encountered in its short history.
Travelling of Tomorrow
When we consider the future opportunities of intercontinental or interstellar travel we are always faced with the same problems. The limitation of fuel tanks, range and fuel types, fossilized or any other kind, limit speed… Hypothetically, an average man is able to flight around the world in 80-100 hours. However, it would take 70.000 years with the fastest rockets to reach the next closest star.
Thus, the mankind is still in the process of trying to find a good, reliable and vastly available energy source. Nuclear power, because of the extreme energy output, was promised to be the energy of future. It is estimated that one nuclear power plant generates as much energy per day as 50.000 wind power stations. Experts thought that the radioactive waste that was produced could be turn into non dangerous material within one and half decades. Unfortunately, in the past 60 years, when the first nuclear power station was built, there was not any development in the problem of recycling the radioactive waste.
